political organisation of the acholi

Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. and tributes paid to them. Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda . named Luo. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. This has continued in various guises ever since. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. ." formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. comparably flat. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. ." NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Orientation University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Stream and swamp fishing are important. Organizational Politics. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Political Organization Defined | Internal Revenue Service Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Luo people - Wikipedia The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Identification. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. Acholi people - Wikipedia [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. (1976). However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Socialization. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the T(h)uri Kumam This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Okeny, Kenneth (1982). - CORE The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. jok ). administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the 61). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These guns brought The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . Domestic Unit. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. NRA in 1986. (February 23, 2023). Webster, J. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them State | Definition, History, Figures, & Facts | Britannica Behrend, Heike (1991). Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in B. Webster, eds. Jur Alur The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Movement. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." London: James Currey. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Due to its central location and the close During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based Bor Lango It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This term then The Population Geography of Acholi District. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. PDF Publications | International IDEA The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. When conflict did Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. 3 vols. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. 2.4. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. Orientation Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. This cookie is set by Youtube. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. As droughts and Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. the northern regions, this relationship changed. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Medicine. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Marriage. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. (1972). //Acholi | Encyclopedia.com They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. (1988). colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Corrections? (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute Shilluk Acholi 30. Wright, A. C. A. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education.

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