why are nfl teams wearing away jerseys at home

Coaches and other team personnel will wear special 9/11 lapel pins on the sidelines, meanwhile. This change prevents confusion for officials, players, and spectators. There's no question Dallas' home jersey is highly recognizable and can be plucked out of a lineup by even the most casual NFL fan, but few people know why it is that the Cowboys use royal. The reasons for their failure may have been inherent to the whole project. 3) There have also been several games with no white jerseys. 382 aushatch0206 Eagles 4 yr. ago The Cincinnati Bengals chose to wear black jerseys and white pants for the game, while the Rams opted for yellow pants to go with their white jerseys. Copyright 2023 NBCUniversal Media, LLC. [59] India also uses a light blue kit for both.[60]. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Thus, teams must have "away" colors, which are generally white or gray with the primary team colors only being used to mark the numbers on the front and back of the jersey. The why are nfl teams wearing white at home 2020 is a question that has been asked a lot over the past few years. While those elements add to the overall look of the Super Bowl, one understated color has an underrated impact on the game: white. All rights reserved. Barcelona, not just away at Camp Nou but also home at Old Trafford too due to a ruling by UEFA that in the event of a clash, the home team had to change their colours.[25]. In baseball and basketball, on the other hand, the host team will usually wear the lighter-colored version of their uniform. Jets, Chiefs, Patriots and Vikings; 1977 every home game; 1978 every home game except vs. Bengals and Patriots; 1979 every home game except vs. Oilers and Patriots; 1980 vs. Bengals, Saints, Colts, Bills and Jets; 1981 every home game except vs. Steelers, Eagles and Epic in Miami vs. Chargers; 1982 every home game except vs. Bills; 1983 every home game except vs. Bengals and Jets; 1984 every home game except vs. In addition to an NFL team choosing its primary home colors and secondary away colors, it may also develop a third jersey with alternate colors on it. Falcons, Cowboys, Saints, Bucs, Packers, NFC DPG vs. Vikings and NFC CG vs. Cowboys; 1979 vs. Chargers and Raiders; 1980 vs. Cowboys; 1981 vs. Oilers, Browns and Falcons; 1982 every home game; 1993 every home game; 1994 vs. Cardinals, Falcons, and Giants; 2008 vs. Cowboys. All rights reserved. In 103 games, clubs have worn their whites at home 30 times instead of the typical darks (29 percent). [2] Almost all road uniforms are white in gridiron football (including in the Canadian Football League, the National Football League and NCAA football) and the National Hockey League, while in baseball, visitors typically wear grey. [24], In some cases both teams have been forced to wear their second choice away kits; such as in some World Cup matches (see section below). Broncos: 1971 every home game; 1980 vs. Cowboys & Chargers; 1983 vs. Eagles, Raiders & Bengals; 2003 vs. Chargers (Shanahan Uniformgate). Buccaneers (gold pants), 49ers (black pants), Vikings (black pants), and Raiders (black pants); 2009 vs. Lions, Jets, and Giants (all in gold pants); 2010 vs. Vikings (gold pants), Falcons (black pants), Panthers (gold pants) and Browns (gold pants); 2011 vs. Bears (gold pants) and Colts (black pants). Seeing your colours versus white does nothing for the larger marketing of the sport where you get to see 29 other teams colours come in and say "hey that's a cool jersey, I'll buy one.". Its a silhouette of a football player in a sideline coat thats supposed to resemble a cape. [34][35] In 1970 England and Czechoslovakia were allowed to play in sky blue and white, respectively, which caused confusion for black-and-white viewers and England manager Alf Ramsey. We are not making it all up in our heads, thinking well of Kris Dunn because we want to: he has real talents to bring, and a body that for the time being will allow him to use them. [61][62] The home kit is the same colour as the famous "baggy green" cap traditionally worn by Australian Test cricketers, but the yellow away kit is often worn by the Australian team in home matches. Raiders; 1983 vs. Giants; 1984 vs. Lions; 1985 vs. Lions and Broncos; 1986 every home game; 1987 vs. Redskins, Steelers, 49ers, Rams and Saints; 1989 every home game; 1997 vs. Because you are viewing this site from a location address that appears to be covered by the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA"), many of the features of TribLIVE.com -- like videos and social media elements -- are disabled. According to the NFL rulebook, each team has sole ownership and licensing rights regarding their team colors and logo. There are exceptions, such as the University of Michigan, Louisiana State University and West Virginia University wearing yellow at home, or the University of Illinois wearing orange at home, if it sufficiently contrasts with the visiting team's uniforms. The old FA Cup rules, with almost identical wording, are still used in semis and finals by many county and district football associations in England. The Cincinnati Reds were known as the "Red Legs" and "Red Stockings" during the early 1900s. [53] Most teams' home uniforms are white, with some exceptions, such as the Los Angeles Lakers, who wear gold at home (although in 2002, to honour Chick Hearn, Jeanie Buss had a white jersey introduced as the third uniform, worn at home). In 1933, the first year that colored jerseys were permitted, all teams wore white uniforms. They were light colour for home games and a dark colour for road games. Required fields are marked *. When it comes to the Super Bowl, the record suggests that a white jersey is the way to go. The Red Raiders, who host . In the minor leagues, teams historically wore white or light colours at home and dark colours on the road. Wearing whites at home is a new phenomenon, but not a new occurrence. The Marlins' home and away jerseys feature the city name, but a black alternate has the team nickname. Jets and Cowboys; 1985 every home game except vs. Bears1986 every home game except vs. on Uni Watch? This tradition fit the needs of "home/away" distinctions necessary for black-and-white television. The Green Bay Packers bucked the trend in Super Bowl XLV with a win over the Pittsburgh Steelers before teams in white jerseys strung together another six-game winning streak from 2012 to 2017. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Browns: 1964-1967 every home game; 1968 every home game except vs. Rams; 1969-1974 every home game; 1976 & 1977 every home game; 1978 vs. 49ers, Bengals, Oilers and Steelers; 1979 vs. Colts, Cowboys, Steelers and Redskins; 1980 vs. Oilers, Chiefs, Broncos and Packers; 1981 vs. Chargers, Oilers and Falcons; 1982 vs. Eagles; 1983 vs. Vikings, Seahawks, and Jets; 1985-1988 every home game; 1989 vs. At international level, away kits are sometimes worn by both teams in a match. Here's the latest on the Dodgers, Lakers, Angels, Kings, Galaxy, LAFC, USC, UCLA and more LA teams. Raiders: 2008 vs. Chargers; 2009 vs. Chargers (AFL Legacy). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. If you disable cookies, this site will not work properly. And players cannot wear a color that is similar to a football color. "Away" and "Home" are constructs fans and the media make. [78], "Section 4: Equipment, Uniforms, Player Appearance", "Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys at Home Thursday", "NFL teams turning back to white jerseys", "ESPN Page 2 Uni Watch: How 'bout them Cowboys? The joke was a bit too deep for some, apparently. A third jersey, alternative jersey, third kit, third sweater or alternative uniform is a jersey or uniform that a sports team can wear instead of its home outfit or its away outfit during games, often when the colors of two competing teams' other uniforms are too similar to contrast easily. The first professional match played in coloured clothing was in World Series Cricket in Australia in 1979. Falcons: 1966 vs. Cowboys and Rams; 1967 vs. Redskins and Rams; 1968 vs. Colts and Steelers; 1977 vs. Rams; 1978 vs. Oilers and Browns; 1979 vs. Broncos; 1980 vs. Dolphins; 1981 vs. Saints and 49ers; 1982 vs. Jets; 2007 every home game except vs. Giants (@ Wembley Stadium in London); 2008 every home game; 2009 every home game except vs. Colts and Jets; 2010 vs. Steelers, Titans, Browns, Bills, and Lions; 2011 vs. Texans and Broncos, Eagles: 1967 vs. Saints; 1971 every home game; 1973 every home game; 1980 NFC CG vs. Cowboys; 1982 vs. Redskins; 1983 vs. Redskins, Cardinals, Bears and Cowboys; 1984 vs. Vikings and 49ers; 1985 (new unis) & 1986 every home game; 1987 vs. Saints, Bears and Cowboys; 1988 every home game; 1989 every home game except vs. Redskins: 1964 every home game; 1981-2000 every home game except 1994 vs. Most went with dark, except for Dallas. This tradition dates back to the early days of the NFL when only white uniforms were allowed. The concept of home and away colours first became prominent during the late 1980s and the 1990s, when the newly admitted Brisbane Bears had colours and jumper designs clashing with that of Hawthorn, which necessitated the need for clubs to come up with away colours. It's all about marketing. Raiders, Bills, Colts and Browns; 1984 vs. Chiefs, Rams, Oilers and Browns; 1992 vs. Do away teams wear white in NBA? Theres a simple solution: Join Uni Watch Plus. 1st priority: the outfield players of the home club who shall wear their home strip; M.22.2. is usually accompanied with a cover letter. Cardinals: 1964 and 1965 every home game; 1966 vs. Cowboys and Steelers; 1967 vs. Giants, Lions, and Steelers; 1968 vs. Saints and Steelers; 1969 vs. Vikings and Steelers; 1970 vs. Cowboys and Patriots; 1971 vs. Cowboys and Eagles; 1972 vs. Steelers and Rams; 1973 vs. Redskins, Raiders and Cowboys; 1974 vs. Browns and Cowboys; 1975 vs. Giants and Cowboys; 1976 vs. Giants and Cowboys; 1977 vs. Bears, Cowboys and Saints; 1978 every home game; 1979 vs. Cowboys, Steelers, Redskins and Eagles; 1980 vs. Giants, Eagles, Rams and Cowboys; 1981 vs. Dolphins, Redskins and Cowboys; 1982 & 1983 vs. Cowboys; 1988 vs. Redskins, Steelers and Browns; 1989 every home game; 1990 vs. Redskins, Cowboys, Bears and Packers; 1991 vs. Cowboys, Patriots, Falcons, Vikings and Giants; 1992 vs. Eagles, Redskins, Saints, 49ers and Cowboys; 1993 vs. Cowboys, Patriots, Redskins, Saints and Eagles; 1994 vs. Giants, Vikings, Cowboys and Steelers (throwback uniforms); 1995 vs. Eagles, Chiefs, Redskins and Seahawks; 1996 vs. Dolphins, Rams, Bucs and Jets; 1997 vs. Cowboys, Vikings and Giants; 1998 vs. Eagles, Raiders and Bears; 1999 vs. Giants, Redskins and Patriots; 2000 vs. Cowboys, Packers, Browns, Eagles and Saints; 2001 vs. Broncos and Falcons; 2002 vs. Chargers, Giants and Cowboys; 2003 vs. Seahawks, Packers and Ravens; 2004 vs. Patriots (white pants), Saints and Seahawks; 2005 vs. Rams, 49ers (Mexico City they Cards were the home team), Panthers and Titans; 2009 vs. Texans. You are seeing this page to comply with the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA") and other California privacy laws. Raiders and Vikings; 1993 vs. Colts, Seahawks and Browns; 2001 vs. Patriots & Ravens; 2002 vs. Chargers; 2005 vs. Vikings; 2006 vs. Browns; 2008 vs. Titans; 2009 vs. Broncos; 2010 vs. Ravens, Bills: 1980 every home game except vs. Steelers and Rams; 1981 every home game except vs. Patriots and Redskins; 1982 vs. Chiefs & Vikings; 1983 vs. Dolphins, Colts, and Oilers; 1984 every home game; 1985 vs. Chargers, Patriots and Vikings; 1986 vs. Some franchises go with three colors, as the Carolina Panthers do with black, silver and blue; and a few teams have four colors, like the Philadelphia Eagles, who are green, silver, black and charcoal. [71] The toss went in favour of France, and New Zealand wore silver shirts in the game in Cardiff. If the home team wears a white jersey, like the Dallas Cowboys do, then the away team must wear its darker team-colored jersey on the road so that there is a contrast between the two teams on the field. In European competition, the 1968 European Cup Final was played under similar rules. If you're unsure of how to do this, click here for a quick guide. Since the Skins wear white at home, their colorful jersey has become more rare (even more so this season, since the Cowboys wore blue throwbacks when they hosted the Skins in September, enabling Washington to wear white at Texas Stadium for the first time in a long time). [citation needed], In England in 1890, the Football League, which had been formed two years earlier, ruled that no two member teams could register similar colours, so as to avoid clashes. [43] All AFL teams now have designated clash guernseys, which are worn in matches when the home guernseys of the teams playing are deemed to be too similar to distinguish. The NFL ensures fairness by sending a uniform inspector to make sure the uniform rules are enforced for every player and each player has an opportunity to address. ", "Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50", "The Buccaneers Will Wear White, Pewter for Super Bowl LV", "Patriots coach Bill Belichick talks about the Cowboys curse of the blue jerseys and "striped shoelaces? For unknown reasons, Denmark and Mexico wore their home colours of red and green, instead of Mexico's white away colours, during an international friendly match ahead of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Schramm also fought for TV rights in low population areas without teams of their own, which has given us a national fanbase. Critics in England in 2010 said the team was changing away kits unnecessarily and too often as a "marketing ploy". And so now the decision to be in white jerseys is becoming . The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Raiders and Patriots; 1976 vs. When the New Orleans Saints face the Atlanta Falcons on Thursday night, Drew Brees, who earned the honor in 2006, will be the first player to wear the patch. Redskins used to choose to where their white jerseys at home just to make Dallas wear the Navy. Until 198990,[29] its competition rules stated: "Where the colours of the two competing clubs are similar, both clubs must change unless alternative arrangements are mutually agreed by the competing clubs". We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Basketball is governed under NCAA regulations. [5] When Gibbs returned from 2004 to 2007, they wore white at home exclusively. PUBLISHED: March 2, 2023 at 8:18 a.m. | UPDATED: March 2, 2023 at 10:42 a.m. Joe Montana, at age 66, has broken a record held by Tom Brady. "Dark" colours worn in road games vary widely among teams. Teams in cities with hot climates often choose white jerseys at home during the first half of the season, [8] because light colours absorb and retain less heat in sunlight - as such, the Dolphins, who stay white year-round, will typically use their coloured jerseys for home night games. For the most part, NFL teams wear a darker jersey at home and road teams wear a white one. [5] Teams in cities with hot climates often choose white jerseys at home during the first half of the season,[8] because light colours absorb and retain less heat in sunlight as such, the Dolphins, who stay white year-round, will typically use their coloured jerseys for home night games. Oilers/Titans: 1973 vs. Steelers, Rams, Broncos and Raiders; 1974 vs. Steelers, Cowboys and Browns; 1981-1983 every home game; 1984 vs. The host team should wear a light-colored jersey, whereas the visiting team should wear a dark-colored jersey. Team Away. Your email address will not be published. [55], The use of specially-designed Christmas uniforms in NBA games in 2012[56][57] led to several "colour vs. colour" match-ups.[58]. GM Tex Schramm pushed for the usage of white jerseys because he wanted spectators to see a range of opponents jersey colors during home games. Chiefs: 1980 every home game; 2006 vs. Bengals (white pants). The host squad may wear solid white jerseys and white stockings during the 2012 autumn season, whereas the visiting team may wear dark. How many NFL teams play at home in white? In most sports, it is the visiting or road team that must change. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Texans: 2002 vs. Cowboys, Colts and Bills; 2003 vs. Chiefs, Jaguars and Jets; 2004 vs. Chargers and Raiders; 2005 vs. Steelers, Titans and Browns; 2006 vs. Eagles (white pants), Redskins and Dolphins; 2007 vs. Chiefs (white pants), Dolphins and Titans; 2008 vs. Dolphins, Lions, and Ravens (white pants); 2009 vs. The NFL has undergone a lot of changes over the years and many fans are curious why home teams wear white. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Away colours are used by Jamaica and Australia, two top international teams who both have yellow home kits. In 1964 the Baltimore Colts, Cleveland Browns, Minnesota Vikings and Los Angeles Rams wore white regularly for their home games. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By Tim Brulia. In truth, there is never a need for a third jersey in a two-team game. Chargers: 1971 every home game; 1978-1983 every home game; 1985 vs. Seahawks, Browns, Chiefs and Broncos; 1986 vs. Cowboys; 1990 vs. [48], In the AFL Grand Final, the team that finishes higher during the regular season has the right to choose the colours they play in, with the lower-ranked team to accommodate this accordingly. Forty years ago, the NFL banned tear-away jerseys so runners could not escape tackles with them. The jersey worn by Joe Montana in his Super Bowl XIX and XXIII victories sold for $1.212 million, shattering the previous record of $480,000 paid for a 2021 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tom Brady jersey. [72] However, in the 2011 Rugby World Cup Final between those teams, France won the toss and chose to play in its white away kit. Close similarities in the colors are OK (for example, the Chicago Bears and Denver Broncos are very similar), but picking the identical color combination of another franchise could result in confusion and, more importantly to the franchise, lawsuits. [71], England used an all-black second kit at the 2011 World Cup, which caused controversy in the host nation, as black is the home colour of New Zealand. It does not store any personal data. In recent years, the NBA has experimented with a variety of uniforms for each team. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. World Cup teams often have to make changes that would be unlikely in domestic or untelevised games. 2) The following teams wore their white jerseys for a whole season (preseason games not included): Browns: 1972 (but wore brown jerseys for division playoff game in Miami), 1973, 1977, 1986, 1995; Buccaneers: 1976; Chargers: 1978, 1982 (but wore blue for a playoff game against the Dolphins), 1983, 1991; Cowboys: 1972; Dolphins: 1977; Oilers: 1998; Rams: 1968, 1969, 1970, 1993; Saints: 1974. Away colours or road colours are a choice of coloured clothing used in team sports. [27] In the event of a colour clash, the away team must change to a different colour.[28]. It has traditionally been the opposite in Australian rules football where the home team wears dark shorts and the away team wears white shorts. In 1916, on the New York Giants' road uniforms, purple lines gave their uniforms a tartan-like effect and another kind of road uniform was a solid dark blue or black material with white around this time. The Australian Football League legislates that the home team has the right to choose what home colours they play in for home games during the home and away season. White Instead, in an NFL game, the home team can wear either white or colorful jerseys, while the visiting club must wear the opposite. Australia, however, has a separate green ODI home kit, yellow ODI away kit, and black T20 kit. The Eagles hold the No. They were a massive disappointment, yes, but also so transcendent for brief moments. Duality underpins practically everything about the brief existence of the KD, Harden and Kyrie Nets. An example of this occurred in the 2017 AFL Grand Final between 1st placed Adelaide and 3rd placed Richmond; as the higher ranked team, Adelaide chose to play in their home guernsey, and as the lower ranked team, Richmond was forced to play in their clash guernsey of yellow with a black sash as opposed to their usual black guernsey with a yellow sash, as their home guernsey was deemed to clash with Adelaide's home guernsey.[49]. Light game jerseys should be worn by the home team, whereas dark game jerseys should be worn by the away side.. When the Third Jersey Program was introduced in the 199596 season, some teams wore third jerseys at home, thus requiring the road team to wear the white. kombayn. Why NFL insider doesn't see Eagles going CB at No. [32], Three teams have won the FIFA World Cup final in their away colours in 1958 (Brazil), 1966 (England), and 2010 (Spain); though England was the home team for the 1966 tournament.[22]. White at Home in the NFL. Raiders and Jets; 1991 every home game; 2001 vs. Redskins and Bengals (white pants); 2002 vs. Texans, Patriots and Chiefs; 2004 vs. [46][47] The AFL's clash uniform policy has also been criticised as an example of Victorian Bias largely due to the fact that Carlton, Collingwood, Richmond and Essendon adhere to the policy less and almost never wear clash jumpers against each other. The Cleveland Browns wore white for every home game of the 1955 season. They must do so ahead of time. These have traditionally been white, but in the 2015 Six Nations Scotland and France adopted red as their alternate colour. What are Apple Podcasts Subscriptions and Channels? Super Bowl rules later changed to allow the designated home team to pick their choice of jersey. At some clubs, the away kit has become more popular than the home version. They wear a patch on the center back of their shirt (at home and away) to warn opposing players that any hit from behind is both hazardous and cheap. Falcons, Cowboys, Seahawks and 49ers; 2001 vs. Packers and Saints; 2002 vs. Ravens, Lions and Cardinals; 2003 vs. Jaguars, Falcons, Saints and NFC WCG vs. Cowboys; 2004 vs. Packers and Falcons; 2005 vs. Saints, Patriots and Cowboys; 2006 vs. The home team chooses the jersey color. In many other nations, however, the home team is mentioned first, and even the Associated Press instructs its writers to place the home team first and the away team second when writing for the international wire. The Cowboys president, Tex Schramm, determined the club would wear white jerseys at home when they joined the league as an expansion team in 1960. The reason is simple: the AFC and NFC alternate which . [2] Even long after the advent of colour television, the use of white jerseys has remained in almost every game. NHL clubs wore white or light-colored jerseys at home and dark-colored jerseys on the road from the 1970s until the 2002-03 season. At home, the Cowboys still wear white. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup third place match, both Belgium and England wore their away colours of yellow and red, respectively, even though both teams were permitted to wear their respective home colours of red and white in their group stage match. The score of the visiting team is always presented on the left, while the score of the home team is always displayed on the right. The NFL's current rules require that a team's home uniforms must be "either white or official team colour" throughout the season, "and visiting clubs must wear the opposite". In most sports, the home team wears white but for some reason, that is reversed in football, though a few teams, like the Cowboys, prefer their white uniforms. Jets (white pants) and Raiders; 2010 vs. Colts (white pants); 2011 vs. Colts (white pants). The Brewers have worn a navy jersey with "Milwaukee" on the front frequently both at home and on the road since 2015, while the Los Angeles Dodgers have worn an alternate grey jersey with the nickname instead of the city name for most away games since 2014. [14] Teams including the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Giants followed suit in the 1980s, and the Carolina Panthers did so from 1995 until 2006, including two playoff games. The " why are nfl teams wearing white at home 2020 " is a question that has been asked a lot over the past few years. All 56 Super Bowls have featured one team wearing a white jersey and one team wearing a jersey of a different color. Navy blue, silver, and white are the colors of the Dallas Cowboys. [3] If a team insists on wearing its home uniforms on the road, the NFL Commissioner must judge on whether their uniforms are "of sufficient contrast" with those of their opponents. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers were the home team in Super Bowl LV both figuratively and literally since the game was played at their home stadium, Raymond James Stadium and chose to wear white jerseys with pewter pants against the Kansas City Chiefs, who wore red jerseys with white pants. For any NFL franchise, picking the team colors is a very important decision. Steelers: 1964 vs. Rams; 1966 every home game except vs. Redskins; 1967 every home game except vs. Vikings; 1968 every home game except vs. Saints; 1969 every home game; 2005 SB XL vs. Seahawks. [26] 4 min read. 10 pick in the 2023 NFL Draft . That's why the NFL started doing it. The NFL rulebook states that the home team gets to decide which jersey it will wear, and because most home teams choose to wear darker uniforms with their primary team colors on it at home, it is standard for the away teams to wear white or gray on the road so that the two teams can be easily distinguished by the players, referees, and fans. Why wont Touch ID be under the screen in the iPhone 15 and iPhone 16? 0 Back to NFL Action, Detroit Lions Adding Alternate Helmet for 2023, New Uni Set in 24, Apparent Sock Leaks Hint at Six New MLB City Connect Designs, How Every MLB Team Handled Their Sleeve Patches on Photo Day. 22 Reply LikeSonyD 2 yr. ago Thank you so much for your help! Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Sep 03, 2021 at 03:03 PM. Despite becoming the second team to play a Super Bowl in their home stadium, the Los Angeles Rams will be the "away" team for Super Bowl LVI. For the most part, NFL teams wear a darker jersey at home and road teams wear a white one. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Dark hues absorb and retain more heat than lighter ones. I saw someone else comment that, but they seemed to be ignored so figured I'd add it again. Basketball answer: At a home game, its acceptable to wear an away team jersey. Before they make it to the professionals, fans follow athletes throughout college.

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