characteristics of ethiopian agriculture
The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. However, the expected level was not achieved. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . <i>Results . Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. Land use function 2 2.2. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Wubne, Mulatu. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Brighter Green, 2. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. 27 May 2021. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Productivity and technology. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. Agron., 16: 180-195. . The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Overview. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. will supply the domestic market. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Source: United Nations Comtrade. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Advanced Search Citation Search . As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. This site contains PDF documents. Includes a market overview and trade data. [7] During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. >. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Section D. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Search term. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Section D. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. D. espite the countr. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. State farms sold their output to the AMC. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). ", Table D.2. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Merkebu Getachew. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Kassaye Tolassa . Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds.
characteristics of ethiopian agriculture