which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. b. cognitive-behavioral Behaviorally test your thought. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. Communication in the Nervous System. 48. 126. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. c. cognitive Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. d. classical conditioning. 25. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. 150. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. c. superego. b. cognitive-behavioral d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. Figure 2.10. Why? 161. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. We will cover this process in three parts. Psychodynamic techniques. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. c. denial. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Evaluating the behavioral model. b. c. operant conditioning. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. 162. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 46. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. b. behavior-focused therapists. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. 101. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. Describe observational learning and modeling. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? c. overgeneralization. d. cognition-focused. d. fixation. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. d. frustrating the client. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. d. client-centered therapy. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. 166. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. The existential perspective. c. ineffective treatment options. 144. 17. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. b. laissez-faire parenting style. d. psychodynamic. 91. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. c. cognitive-behavioral 63. 102. 76. b. modeling. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. 18. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. d. countertransference. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. 2.3.1.2. Figure 2.8. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? 75. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. This is a physical aspect of what disease? 59. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? Bertha (Anna O.) A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). b. secondary prevention. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. c. superego. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. b. anxiety disorders. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. 2.3.2.2. 2.2.1.3. 66. This is an example of: a. shaping. The humanistic perspective. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. 82. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. c. result of childhood trauma. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. 2.3.3.6. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. c. people are driven to self-actualize. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. 2.3.2.4. 31. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. 2.3.1.1. b. self-actualization. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Respondent conditioning. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? c. client-centered d. fear. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. b. learned behavior. b. cognitive-behavioral. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. 116. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. 2.3.1.4. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. 112. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. b. anal stage. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 41. Consider where students sit in a class. d. classical conditioning. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. 165. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. The answer is continuous. a. gestalt 1. b. ego. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. b. 29. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. Over time I learned that attention was good. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. d. fixation. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. 2.2.2.2. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. We see this in the case of reflexes. a. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought.

Camper Lots For Rent Emerald Isle, Nc, Maccabi Games 2022 Baseball, Articles W