specific heat of benzene

One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. Faraday Soc., 1955, 51, 323-342. STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, Heat (enthalpy) of sublimation, at 42F/5.85C, Specific heat capacity, Cp (solid) at 32F/0C, log KOW (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient), Specific Gravity (liquid) (relativ to water), Standard molar entropy, S (solid), at 1 bara. Pol. Grolier, J.-P.E. Phys., 1937, 5, 537-551. [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. J. [all data], Aoyama and Kanda, 1935 As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. Am. At the critical point there is no change of state when pressure is increased or if heat is added. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. (VIII. [all data], Ahlberg, Blanchard, et al., 1937 Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. ; Lundberg, W.O., In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. (2007), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory, Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series, "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Benzene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "ber das Benzol und die Suren der Oel- und Talgarten", Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg, "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds", "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". Gatterman Reaction Zhur. Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. Have definite shape (resist deformation) 2. Bull. (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). J. Chem. Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group. The aromatic compounds. Data compiled as indicated in comments: Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition). Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. 2039504. Findenegg, G.H. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 PubChem Substance ID. Sci. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. Excess heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures determined with a Picker flow calorimeter, Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 289-299. . Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. Specific Heat of Benzene, Specific Heat of C6H6. GSH is involved with the formation of phenylmercapturic acid. Am. Thermodynamic properties of benzene, It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. London, 1933, 45, 194-207. [all data], Tschamler, 1948 Charles Mansfield filed for (November 11, 1847) and received (May 1848) a patent (no. If the sample is heated at constant pressure (P = 1 atm), calculate the amount of energy in kJ needed to raise the temperature of the sample to 102.70 C. Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. 1st Czech. In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". Williams, J.W. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of human exposure, since they accumulate in the urine in proportion to the extent and duration of exposure, and they may still be present for some days after exposure has ceased. Am. Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride. The affected batches were removed from sale. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, Department of Health and Human Services. This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin Thermal data on organic compounds. The proportionality constant c is sometimes referred to as the specific heat capacity or (incorrectly) the heat capacity. In 1870, the German chemist . ; T = 93 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. Aspiration hazard - Category 1 The signal word is danger. Phys. Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. Even if it is not a common substrate for metabolism, benzene can be oxidized by both bacteria and eukaryotes. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., J. Chem. K) ..g (K) | 1 mol All you need to do is convert the grams to moles. We don't collect information from our users. specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. cHliquid : Standard liquid enthalpy of combustion (kJ/mol). Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Calculate the number of joules required to melt 57.4 g of benzene at 5.5 degrees; The specific heat of toluene, C_7H_8, is 1.13 J/g K. Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. Die specifische Wrme flssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy production. [all data], Swietoslawski and Zielenkiewicz, 1960 [22] Four years later, Mansfield began the first industrial-scale production of benzene, based on the coal-tar method. J. Chem. ; Bashirov, M.M. ; T = 82 to 224 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. Thermal and volumetric properties of chloroform + benzene mixtures and the ideal associated solution model of complex formation, A.1.89 103 J B.54.4 J C. 840 J D.2.08 10-2 J E. 48.1 J C. 840 J [A 100-W lightbulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. ; Daniels, F., The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have Czech. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Short Commun. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. J. Chem. In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekul published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. OSHA has also established an action level of 0.5 ppm to encourage even lower exposures in the workplace.[87]. 2 C6H6 + 15 0212 CO2 + 6HO + 1562 kcal How much heat is given off when 877 g (one liter) of benzene reacts with oxygen? This discovery led to the production of Sanka. [all data], Burlew, 1940 Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Atalla, S.R. Explain how the vaporization of a liquid is affected by increasing the: a. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. 1 C H vap (80. J. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1. Duff, G.M. Although benzene and pyridine are structurally related, benzene cannot be converted into pyridine. All rights reserved. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds, Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., Specific heat of liquids. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 Ethylbenzene | C6H5C2H5 or C8H10 | CID 7500 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. The discussed value is almost 1.3 times higher than the heat flux obtained in case quenching is conducted by downward spray. As the carbon atoms in the benzene ring collided with each other, each carbon atom would collide twice with one neighbor during a given interval and then twice with its other neighbor during the next interval. In 1872, Kekul suggested that benzene had two complementary structures and that these forms rapidly interconverted, so that if there were a double bond between any pair of carbon atoms at one instant, that double bond would become a single bond at the next instant (and vice versa). This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. [88][89] In September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits (RELs) for substances, including carcinogens. Inter. "Spectral Database for Organic Compounds", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene_(data_page)&oldid=1139250020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site), Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data).

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